El Museo del Turismo bebe -sin quizá saberlo o buscarlo premeditadamente-, de los antiguos gabinetes de curiosidades. A menudo se les llamaba «cuartos de las maravillas«, misteriosas estancias o aparadores que parecían tener vida propia. No hay una fecha concreta para el nacimiento de estos microcosmos, y algunos refieren al año 1335 como el primer gabinete o colección creada por Olivero Forza de Treviso. Pero en el siglo XVI, el fenómeno se «contagia» y encontramos algunos de los más célebres. En Francia se les denominaba cabinet de curiosités (1690), mientras que en los ducados germanos se les nombraba wunderkammer a estos lugares, cuyos objetos eran expuestos en muebles expositores, conocidos como Schrank.
![](https://themuseumoftourism.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/RitrattoMuseoFerranteImperato.jpg)
Grabado desplegable de Dell’Historia Naturale de Ferrante Imperato (Nápoles, 1599), la primera ilustración de un gabinete de historia natural.
Fuente: Wikipedia
Movidos por la curiosidad, la presunción o la moda, fueron muchos los nobles y burgueses que competían por coleccionar -y sobre todo exhibir a otros para crecentar su ego- los objetos en aquel momento extravagantes en el mundo occidental. Antecedentes de los museos modernos, lo mismo albergaban corales, insectos disecados o falsas piezas de criaturas mitológicas. Viales con «sangre de dragón», cuernos de unicornio, o aletas de sirena ungían de atracciones que deslumbraban a un supuesto público erudito.
Los fondos se nutrían a base de los viajes -y a menudo saqueos o expolio- de exploradores, naturalistas y científicos, cuyas curiosidades eran compradas por nobles y burgueses encantados de ser «mecenas del arte». A ese afán coleccionista, contribuían catálogos creados ex-profeso por ilustradores, con grabados de objetos reales o irreales por igual. Ciencia y mitología se mezclaban a veces tanto que costaba separar esta inaudita aleación.
![](https://themuseumoftourism.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Presentation_of_the_Pomeranian_Art_Cabinet-scaled.jpg)
Presentación del gabinete de arte de Pomerania (ca. 1617)
Fuente: Wikipedia.
Afortunadamente, la ciencia fue levantando la alfombra de miedos, mitos y falsedades que el desconocimiento y la religión habían propagado, y los gabinetes de curiosidades fueron creciendo en fondos y en credibilidad. En el siglo XIX, esas colecciones dieron lugar a los museos. De lo privado se pasó a lo público y las ya instituciones, ganaron espacios permanentes, sin ánimo de lucro y abiertos al público.
Volviendo a los Gabinetes de Curiosidades, en general eran cuatro las áreas en las que se dividían: Naturalia (criaturas y objetos naturales), Scientifica (Instrumentos científicos), Exótica (plantas y animales exóticos), y Artificialia (Antigüedades, obras de arte y otros objetos creados por la mano del hombre). Por otro lado, la Geología le debe mucho a los gabinetes de curiosidades, puesto que permitió divulgar los diferentes minerales del globo terráqueo, incluyendo restos de meteoritos.
![](https://themuseumoftourism.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Berlin_Naturkundemuseum_Korallen.jpg)
Un Schrank alemán de principios del siglo XVIII con una muestra tradicional de corales (Naturkundenmuseum, Berlin)
Fuente: Wikipedia.
España no se libró de la fiebre, al contrario. Un país donde se mezclaba el poder concentrado en pocas manos, colonias por todo el mundo y curiosidad a raudales, fue caldo de cultivo para la existencia de gabinetes de curiosidades privados, a menudo colecciones de monarcas. La Biblioteca Nacional fue la sede de un gabinete de curiosidades promovido por el propio monarca Felipe V en 1712. Además de libros, la biblioteca exhibía todo tipo de piezas variadas llegadas de «las Indias». Minerales, animales disecados, plantas o curiosas frutas jamás vistas por estos lares se dieron a conocer en España.
Más tarde proliferaron nuevas instituciones, como el Real Gabinete de Historia Natura, abierto en 1776, que había adquirido la colección de Pedro Franco Dávila (compuesta por minerales, rocas y fósiles). Buenos ejemplos fueron el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, el Museo Martorell (hoy transfigurado en el Museo de Ciencias de Barcelona), la Colección Paleontológica Rodrigo Botet, el Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Valencia o el Museo Geominero.
![](https://themuseumoftourism.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/17th-Century_Cabinet_of_Curiosities.jpg)
Gabinete de curiosidades de la época barroca italiana (ca. 1635).
Fuente: Wikipedia.
En Barcelona los visitantes que recorren el museo Blau de Ciencias Naturales en el Forum, desconocen que más de cien años antes, en 1878, surgía el Museo Martorell de Barcelona, cuya colección de arqueología, numismática y ciencias naturales era cuantiosa. Procedía del polifacético comerciante Francesc Martorell i Peña, arqueólogo, viajero, naturalista y amante del arte y la ciencia. Cuatro años después, en 1882 se inauguraba el Museo Martorell de Arqueología y Ciencias Naturales, cuyo edificio se encuentra en una de las esquinas del Parque de la Ciutadella. Para 1891 ya se le denominó como Museo de Ciencias Naturales, y en 1924 las piezas se reorganizaron en los diferentes Museos: de Geología, Zoología y el Instituto y Jardín Botánico. El bello ejemplo modernista está hoy vacío -tras la reubicación de sus fondos en el citado Museo Blau- esperando un nuevo uso.
Volviendo a sus orígenes de descentralización museística, el Museo del Turismo, con su carácter difuso nos recuerda que puede estar en todos lados, tal y como refleja el desinteresado trabajo de los participantes en esta gran aventura de divulgación y conocimiento.
Aitor Pedrueza. Especialista en Turismo, Historia y Marketing Online. Co-Director del Giróscopo Viajero, red de guías de viaje. www.elgiroscopo.es
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